Foucauldian Discourse on Punishment

Foucauldian Discourse on PunishmentFoucauldian Discourse on PunishmentIt is noteworthy that the situation and techniques of vindicatement depend on knowledge that creates and classifies individuals, and that knowledge derives its authority from certain relationships of power and domination (Sparknotes, 2006).However, it is in the works of French philosopher Michel Foucault on punishable institutionsthat the opinion of punishment as part of a discourse of power is made explicit. In this paper, I will critically assess Foucaults discourse design on punishment as well as Benthams panopticon theory demonstrating the extent of Foucaults cin one caseption towards punishment.Disciplinary institutions atomic number 18, by and large, gets where power is exercised and coursed finished dissimilar tools. With go forth doubt, it is in crystallize and Punish (1977) that Foucaults concern with discipline and surveillance becomes stock-still more pronounced than his other genealogical w orks. In this work he examines the progressive sophistication of disciplinary mechanisms such as punishments employed in prisons that are in fact, upon closer scrutiny, representative of the same progression of disciplinary mechanisms in society. He undertook an examination of power relations using the penal institution as a take-off point, for the primary reason that it is here where the various disciplinary techniques employ in the exercise of power are more limpid.At the outset, he shows how agony and execution was made a public spectacle with the condemned man being paraded in a manner deemed suited to the crime he committed. Interestingly however, public tortures and executions soon became a hidden affair, with the condemned man being transferred secretly from one place to another in a manner as inconspicuous as possible, using plain carriages with no particular distinguishing mark indicating that the cargo was a convicted felon. Nevertheless, Foucault points out the conc ern that the institution has with the body, a preoccupation that the prison has in common with the asylum and the hospital and, upon close examination, with other institutions as well(Foucault, 1977, p.25).The shifting of torture and execution from the public to the private realm (resulting in more economical disciplinary techniques) subtly demonstrates how mechanisms of discipline evolve and take other forms. In an interview, Foucault statesWhat I wanted to show is the fact that, starting from a certain conception of the basis of the right to punish, one can find in the work of penal experts and philosophers of the 18th century that different means of punishment were perfectly conceivable. Indeed in the reform movement one finds a whole spectrum of means to punish that are suggested, and finally it happens that the prison was in some panache, the privileged one (Foucault, in Lotringer, 1989, p.286).Using the prison as an example, Foucault demonstrates how such disciplinary institu tions utilize different techniques to form docile bodies a direct coercion of the body to produce both productive subjects and factors with which to channel power (Foucault, 1977, p.136). This is a positive perspective of power, because through subjection and subjugation, the individual at once becomes a productive body through direct bodily training. There is a purpose to an institutions exercise of power, depending upon the nature of that institution at most, what can be said insofar as purpose is concerned is that institutions all aim at producing docile bodies in whatever form the latter may take. Again, this depends on what type of individual an institution intends to fashion. Docile body simply refers to the type of individual that is clever and disciplined in the context of a power relation in an institution.In discussing productivity, it can be understood to refer to the capacity of institutions to produce individuals of a specific type, utilizing punishments as mechanism s. In their book, Michel Foucault (1984), Cousins and Hussains write that imprisonment is also enveloped in a mechanism of power (p. 173). Foucault sees discipline, therefore, as combinative it functions to combine elements, in this case, individuals, into a uniform mass not through the individual variables found in each element, but through the characteristics imposed upon it because of the space it occupies. Hence, the space defines the capabilities of each individual, which in turn contribute to the collective function of the mass. As it were, the individual is trained through its designation or position, the series that is relevant to his codified space, and through the issuance of a systematic order or command from the authority (Foucault, 1977, p.166).In the following part, it will be made evident that for Foucault, the institutional role of the prison-model of society paves the way for control and observation. At the end of the chapter entitled Panopticism, Foucault explicit ly statedThe practice of placing individuals under observation is a natural extension of a referee imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures. Is it surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labour, its authorities of surveillance and registration, and its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, should have become the ripe instrument of penality? Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons? (p. 228).In this particular passage, Foucault outlines the mechanisms that the prison uses in controlling criminality. On closer examination, what he in fact outlines are the mechanisms that operate within different social institutions. This is a noteworthy point, since the institutions that he mentioned, i.e. factories, schools, barracks, and hospitals, all function in essentially the same way as the modern prison. These all use specific procedure s and techniques to discipline subjects.Jeremy Benthams concept of the Panopticon became an influential model for modern day architectural efficiency. In short, the prison that he figure in the late 18th century was to be constructed in such a way as to have the individual cells arranged in a circular manner, with an observation brood at the centre of the formation, light coming from the outside of the cells illumines the inmate for whoever is staying at the observation tower, while the observer in the tower itself remains hidden from the cells occupants (See. Figure 1). This arrangement reverses, yet makes even more powerful, the traditional notion of incarceration that is, the putting away of criminality. Thus, to assume that someone is in the observation tower even if there is no one there is the full effect of the Panopticon. Foucault (1977) further clarifiedHence the major effect of the Panopticon to prepare in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that as sures the automatic functioning of power. So to arrange things that the surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action that the perfection of power should tend to render its actual exercise unnecessary in short, that the inmates should be caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. (p. 201)It can be seen that central to the effective use of the panoptic principle is the efficiency of surveillance mechanisms. The latter should function in such a way as to force the recipient of disciplinary power to keep watch over his/her own actions, because of the fact that s/he is being observed by the authority figure. The concept of the gaze is what makes discipline work. In the panoptic model, visibility becomes the central principle that governs incarceration. In other words, For Foucault, the Panopticon represents the way in which discipline and punishment work in modern society. It is a diagram of power in action because by l ooking at a plan of the Panopticon, one realizes how the processes of observation and examination operate (Sparknotes, 2006).To my way of thinking, by and large the foucauldian concept of discourse towards punishment is an explicit, objective and realistic extensive concept with an array of persuasive arguments and insights on power and techniques of punishment that reflect the modern penal system and simultaneously the various mechanisms of observation and examination.On the whole, what is made evident at this point is that punishment in Foucault should be understood as something much broader than simple retribution. Instead, punishment is an act that is subsumed under the notion of discipline, or training. As such, the prison institution is designed to re-form a criminal into an individual who can be reintegrated into mainstream society, in order to be made useful and productive once more. As already mentioned, the mechanisms used by society are by and large the same mechanisms of discipline used in institutions such as the prison. inwardly this larger framework, it is implied that the notion of punishment, in all its forms, operate as a part of a purposeful social design within which all other theories become possible. What is positive about such a societal setup is the fact that techniques such as punishments are not entirely negative or prohibitive. Relations of power are important for Foucault because of the positive effects borne out of it. As a final positive note, consider what he says that is summed up trump out in an interviewIt seems to me that power is always already there, that one is never outside it But this does not entail the necessity of accepting an ineluctable form of domination To say that one can never be outside power does not mean that one is trapped and condemned to defeat no matter what (Foucault, 1980, p.141).While Foucault did not agree with the prison per se as the best form of punishment, he saw in the prison a mechanism that, as used by the society, functions as a state mechanism for internalizing discipline. That means the individual would be responsible for governing or disciplining himself from within. Every beat the person feels the gaze (i.e. domination), he would be forced to govern himself. In other words, the effects of discipline are felt even though the disciplinary power is absent. The prison is therefore not simply a place for punishment, but a model of an effective mechanism.BibliographyCousins, M. Hussain, A. (1984)Michel Foucault. New York St. Martins Press.Macey, D. (1994) The Lives of Michel Foucault. London Vintage.Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. Alan Sheridan Trans. New YorkVintage Books.Foucault, M. (1989.) What calls for Punishment? In Lotringer, S. ed. Foucault Live.New York Columbia University, pp. 279-292.Foucault, M. (1980). Power and Strategies. In Gordon, C. ed. Power/Knowledge. New York Pantheon, pp. 134-145.Sparknotes. (2006). Michael Foucault Discipline and Pu nish. Available Last accessed 1 border 2007.Panopticon (Prisons Plan)Figure 1From Discipline and Punish, 1977

Internal Analysis Strong And Weak Points Marketing Essay

Internal Analysis Strong And Weak Points Marketing turn outAnalyse basic all in ally the chosen marketing mix. (normally you use the actual marketing-mix, but since that does not automatically exist now in the Netherlands, you suck in to assess the (known and/or expected) strengths and weaknesses. Elements to analyse actual dodge of the company (abroad) and strong /weak assigns influencing you mkt-mix (e.g. investment bud win do-nothing be also low)Use your own survey results concerning the intersection point or substitute w bes where relevant, in order to know if this influences (strong point/weak point) your actualperformance.Elements you must include are therefore* overlap (benefits, attributes, core, actual, augmented -branding strategy)* equipment casualty (pricing strategy -price setting), including hails you will sustain, break-even, etc* statistical dispersal (chosen betterners, online, direct ) strategy and costs* communication strategy and costs, drop be in ternal and external, is procession wise related to statistical distribution and harvest-time/brandingAlso, but less extensive, since this goes beyond IP-1* personel/employees HRM -strategy and costs* purchase function / supply chain costs for managing the value chain, etc* finance (investment =? Do you pack the money ? Do not ignore, you need it for your cipherting, so at least name it and explain how much is involved, keep the costs as low as manageable )(finance=communication costs, personnel costs, starting up costs,The total must be coherent, realistic and financially feasibleRelevant conclusionsCHAPTER 2 INTERNAL depth psychology -STONG AND WEAK POINTSIntroductionThe internal depth psychology of the company can be alike associated with SWOT psychoanalysis. This is an analysis of the strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. Internal analysis is essential for the company because it can measure the companys current situation and it can help to rai se the development of the company. By analysing these four sides of the company we can better scan what is needed to further the growth of the company. It is necessary to analyse our situation in its current position in order to rent better planning for the future. Since our goal is to introduce the produce and the company to the Dutch market successfully we need to internally analyse our strenghts, weakneses, opportunuties and possible threats in the new market. By the internal analysis we can also give rise improvements in our overall marketing strategy. By internal analysis of the company we can easily identify marketing opportunities, problems and evaluate performence. The main point of the internal analysis is to gain a better picture of the companys overall performance and to help us with making better marketing decisions for the future growth. construction of the internal analysisThis analysis is going to show the strenghts and weaknesses of our marketing strategy. We wi ll analyse each part of the marketing mix in order to visualize its efficiency. Elements to analyseExtensive analysisActual strategy of the company and strong/weak points influencing our marketing mixProduct analysisPricing analysis distribution analysis talk analysisLess extensive analysisPersonnel/Employees HRM strategy and costsPurchase function/Supply chainFinanceAt the end of the analysis we will furnish a relevant conclusion.Actual strategy of the company and strong/weak points influencing its marketing mixProduct analysisOur market offering is a soft, multivimatin drink. What is special about our product is the concept of the product. It stands out from other multivitamin drinks in the same product group. In this part of the analysis we are going to analyse the benefits, attributes, the core of the product, the actual product, the augmented product. The analysis will include the strong and weak points of the product which will mint our actual performance.Product benefitsA s a main benefit of our product can be considered the fact that it is healthy and it includes a lot of vitamins.Another benefit is the innovative packaging. It is attractive and offers to the customers a special way of drinking. It is also interesting and more fun than other products in the same product group. The cap consists vitamin powder which locomote into the water in the bottle immediately after slacking the cap.Product attributesProduct Quality For the quality we dont have to change anything, because our product GO right off has a very vertical quality, and its a very popular drink because of quality in Eastern Europe. So we hope that Dutch consumers will have the same opinion about our product.Product Features Based on our survey, we dont have to add any additional stimulates for our product.Product Style and Design Our product has an attention-getting style, so we dont have to change it. For design, its a bit a problem for now. We think that in future we will change it for the Dutch market, because design it is a deep understanding of customers needs. But for now we will leave it the same.Branding Brand is very important for the product, and our product brand is still unknown for the Dutch market. For Dutch market we have change already the name of our brand, so we made it much easier for local consumers.Packaging We have quite a good packaging, especially for the Dutch market, because our main product GO orange flavor is in orange color, and, based on survey, people like especially this feature of our product. The only thing that we have to change is that we have to translate the product information from creation to Dutch and English languages.Labeling We will not change the label, we dont need this, because based on the survey we made, we found out that consumers are fully satisfied with the product we offer.Product Support Services We will conduct a survey among our customers periodically to assess the value of our future service, and that w ill also help us for obtaining new ideas.Core customer value of our productOur product offers to the customers healthy and zippy drink. It improves their lifestyle. It is also a new way of drinking which is a lot of fun.Actual productGO is a a refreshing multi-vitamin drink in innovative package, adapted to everyone who lives on the go and actively enjoys their free time.The product itself is in an orange packaging. It is a new way of drinking. You open the cap. Add GO water to suit your taste. Then you close the cap and shake the bottle. Your GO is ready. In the end you enjoy the unforgettable taste of your favored multivitamin drink. The slogan of this product is Open and GOAugmented productThe service the company provides is that if you are not satisfied with the product they will do everything they can to help you with your problem.They have also a delivery service, you order it on the internet and deliver the next day. Delivery takes too long so this is a weakness but if ther e is big interesnt in buying the product online we can make changes and fasten the delivery of the product.Branding strategy rase though the brand is very popular in some East European countries it is still unknown in the Netherlands. We will make some changes in the brand name because it is too difficult to entertain and it doesnt make any sense for the Dutch consumers.Of course, it is still possible to keep the brand name of the product but it will not be the best choice because its too long and its also hard to remember and pronounce. We need something simpler in order to make our product popular. Our products original brand name was Cedevita GO and we have decided to shorten it and change it only to GO. The new name is easier to pronounce and to remember its also with big letters so it draws the customers attention. Also the word Go have a meaning in English and it means proceed which associates with entertainment and physical activities that are important for the health.Prici ng analysisWe suggest for the client to put the price at 2,00The price Atlantic Grupa puts is 1,40, the retailer price is 1,70, so the best price for our client would be 2,00 since the customers in Holland have a little bit more money to spend. And since the nature of the product is to be on the go, it would be a normal price since the other products are quite expensive as head(tank stations, AH to go etc.). And with 2,00 you would have a nice price. And combined with a psychological setting it would result in the final of 1,99Another part of our pricing analysis is that the price of our product is quite high to reflect a certain amount of exclusiveness. So in that sense, we would like to pick premium pricing from the options Kotlers mentions to us.Abroad the BEA is 15,849 since this amount of euro is the constant costs. That means Atlantic Grupa has to sell incisively 11.321 bottles of cedevita GO. With a sale of 1.684.295 and a net income of 99.292 in 2010 it is fairly easy to get out of the BEA in Holland. In Holland however, we have to include promotion costs in our constant costs and that will result in slightly higher BEA. We still rely that this BEA can be seen as a threat if our promotion program fails, normally companies constantly expect losses in the first few years. The promotion costs will be about 20700 and this will increase the BEA to 11.321+8280=19.621Distribution analysisDistribution channels for our productIt is an indirect marketing channel, because we will sell our product in supermarkets. That means that we have to use one or more levels of intermediaries to help us to bring the product to final buyers.It is crucial to use this marketing channel for our product, because intermediaries could create great efficiency in making goods available to target markets. Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scale of operation, intermediaries ordinarily offer the firm more that it can get hold of on its own.Our distribution channel will look like thisProducerWholesalerRetailerConsumerDistribution functionsInformation with information we could know more about actors and forces in the in the marketing environment, that affect our product. promotional material with promotion we could tell more about our product to our target consumer market.Matching this will help us to bring the product, which is matched to Dutch consumers needs.Physical distribution the main function of physical distribution is to transport and store the goods.Financing with financing we can cover the cost for the product chain. encounter taking we need to take risk of carrying out the channel work.Distribution objective and strategyMain objective is to minimize the total channel cost of meeting customer-service requirements. That means that we have to focus on our target market group, to satisfy needs and wants of our customers, and minimize the channel cost.We will use intensive distribution strategy for our products, we will stock ou r products in as many outlets as possible. Our products have to be available where and when consumers want them, to provide maximum brand pic and consumer convenience.Use of logisticsLogistics involves getting the right product to the right customers in the right place at the right time. So it is very important to organize in the right way.First of all we need a warehouse in the Netherlands, to store our products, while they wait to be sold. We will use the distribution centres, because they are design to move goods rather than store them. This will help us to take orders, fill them efficiently, and deliver goods to consumers as quickly as possible.Then as the inventory management also affects customer satisfaction, we have to decide how much inventory to order. We have to maintain balance between carrying to little inventory and carrying too much.After that we need to choose transportation for our product. The best way to transport our goods is by trucks. Mainly, because truck is highly flexible in their routing and time schedules, and they can usually offer faster service than railroads.The last step is a logistic information management. We will use the internet-based electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI will provide us with a simple, fast, and accurate process for capturing, processing, and sharing channel information.EDI costs exists ofImplementation TimeMaintenance FeesVAN ChargesMailbox CostsCommunication analysisCommunication target groupsOur target groups will beYoung peoplePhysically active peopleSportsmenStudentsPeople who travel very oftenCommunication objectivesOur main objective is to make the consumers buy our product. But this is not a very easy task since in order to fulfill it we need to understand the consumer and his needs and wants. We also need to know on which buyer-readiness stage the target audience now stands and where should it be. The buyer-readiness stages are the stages which the consumer normally passes through on their way to purchase. It includes awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, and purchase. Since our product is new to the Dutch market we already know that our target group is not aware of the product. So our first task will be to make consumers familiar with the new product. After that we need to use the promotion mix tools in order to create positive feeling and conviction about .It is possible that we will offer special promotional prices in order to attract customers. Still, the most important thing is to convince the consumers that our product provides superior value for them and to get them to the purchase stage of the buyer-readiness stage.MediaWe will use nonpersonal communication channel for our product, this means that we will use media that will carry messages without personal contact or feedback. Basically, we will use online media (e-mail, company web berth, and online social and sharing webs), print media (newspapers, magazines), display media (flyers, posters).Promo tion toolsFor our product Go we will use advertising and sales promotion.For advertising we will mainly use online advertising, which includesContextual ads that appear on a search engine results pagesCompanys web siteBanner adsSocial network advertisingAdvertising networksE-mail marketing.We will also use In-store advertising, which includesPlacement of product in visible location in storeAdvertisements on shop cartsAdvertisements on in-store video displaysFor sales promotion we will use special cents-of deals to attract consumers attention by offering strong incentives to purchase our product GoPromotionsWe will advice our client to use sales promotions. The best is to use consumer sales promotion. That means that we will target our promotion on a consumers. Good examples of the consumer sales promotion areCents-off deal Offers a brand at a lower price. Price reduction may be a percentage tag on the package.Price-pack deal The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage m ore of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra).The non-stop retailing can be used to promote the clients product to the customer. Each of our competitors has a web-site and the products can be purchased online. The sites also include a lot of promotions. Non-stop retailing allows customers to research the product online first and and so decide rather to buy it or not. The web-sites do more than selling products to the customers they also make them go to the supermarket and shop there.Promotion budgetWe will use objective-and-task method, because we think that it is the best method for our promotion campaign. With this method we willDefine specific objectivesDetermine the task that must be performed to achieve these objectivesEstimate the cost to of performing these tasks (the sum of these cost is the proposed promotion budget)We surf the Internet and found out that our communication budget will vary from 18100 to 20700 euros for a month, depend on quantity a nd quality we will need to promote our product. It consists ofMagazines advertisement-from 13000 to 15000 eurosAdvertisement on the most popular Dutch social web site Hyves 700 eurosAdvertisement on various Internet search engines (Yahoo, Google) from 900 to 1500 eurosTo create and maintain our Go Web site 1500 eurosFlyers and posters 300 eurosEmployee salary for posting flyers and posters 2000 eurosSince the product is all unknown on the Dutch market we need to do a lot of promotions and advertisements in order to make it popular. This is of course a weak point because we need to build an image of the product from the zero. We will spend big amount of money on promotions and this can also affect the product price because it can make the product too expensive.Personnel/Employees HRM strategy and costsThe HRM-strategy is in terms of originality as innovative and interesting, as the product itself. First of all I want to mention that there is a majority of women on the work flo or and based on the financial reports they are doing quite well with their current settings. There are 62% females and 38% in the company with 1800 employees in total. We would recommend decreasing the brand managers since there are more then 200 of them in the company. Instead of focusing on the amount of brand managers we think that their salary would be better spent on mass-marketing, of course it would be less effective but you have a much greater public you can reach. The median age is around 30 but we believe that this can be lowered if younger people can be hired instead of the older ones, this is a price-cutter and also brings fresh wind/talent to the company.financeIf we estimate the total calculation of our financial analysis we have to take account with the following factorsPersonnel costs/research costsPromotion/media costsDistribution costs( EDI system)Transportation costsWe believe that there is no personnel extensive use in our project( or at least in the early steps of it), with a research department of around 50 people divided into finance, marketing and laws should be sufficient enough for a non-superficial coiffure to the obstacles Atlantic Grupa will face. So if I inscribe the total personnel costs with an average salary of 1800 euro(the centre is located in Eastern-Europe, lower salaries) it should be 180050= 90.000 Gross salary costs every month for the personnel/research ( I believe these 2 factors can be merged into 1since research is always done by the personnel.) Furthermore, promotion costs will be around 20.000 euros a month.The distribution costs is very tricky since setting up a logistic information system(EDI) is quite expensive which is mainly used by the bigger companies. The costs start from 40.000 euros and can reach 900.000 euros depending on mapping size, it is also important to note that maintaining an EDI costs around 18% of the price you paid for the system every year. A price of 200.000 for the system is enough to t ake in charge a high quality distribution system.Transportation costs are around 7 cents for every bottle sent, so 70.000x 0.07= 4900 eurosSo if i calculate everything together it would result in200.000+90.000+20.000+4900=314.900 euros starting up costs with 36.000+90.000+20.000 extra every month and 0.07cents x every bottle sold (variable cost)=146.000 extra per month314.900 Euros+ 146.000 every month(and perhaps some credits -)), we believe that this fits in the SMART approach-

Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany in 1777. His father was a laborer and had very thankless ideas of education. Gauss mother on the other hand was instead the contrary. She encour get ond young Carls in his studies possibly because she had never been educated herself. (Eves 476) Gauss is regarded as the great mathematician of the 19th century and, along with Archimedes and Isaac Newton, one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. (Eves 476) At a very early age Gauss showed signs of great mathematical things to come. At the age of only three years old he noticed arithmetic mistakes his father had made in bookkeeping. (Eves 476) At the age of seven he started primary school and it was not long after that his teacher, Bttner, and his assistant, Martin Bartels, realized Gauss ability when he summed the numbers from 1 through snow in his head. It had become patent to Gauss that the numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 97 + 98 + 99 + 100 could also be thought of as 1 + 100 + 2 + 9... Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- Carl Friedrich GaussCarl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany in 1777. His father was a laborer and had very unappreciative ideas of education. Gauss mother on the other hand was quite the contrary. She encouraged young Carls in his studies possibly because she had never been educated herself. (Eves 476) Gauss is regarded as the greatest mathematician of the nineteenth century and, along with Archimedes and Isaac Newton, one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. (Eves 476) At a very early age Gauss showed signs of great mathematical things to come. At the age of only three years old he noticed arithmetic mistakes his father had made in bookkeeping. (Eves 476) At the age of seven he started elementary school and it was not long after that his teacher, Bttner, and his assi stant, Martin Bartels, realized Gauss ability when he summed the numbers from 1 through 100 in his head. It had become obvious to Gauss that the numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 97 + 98 + 99 + 100 could also be thought of as 1 + 100 + 2 + 9...

Science Versus Faith In Memoriam A. H. H. Essay -- memoriam

The Victorian Age, named for the queen who reigned nearly the entire century, was characterized by incredible scientific progress. Charles Darwin, for example, came forth with his treatise The Origin of Species, which travel his radical theories of evolution and survival and rocked the pillars of impostal Christian faith in humankinds superiority to the beasts of the earth. Darwins theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest conflicted with the story of the Creation related in the Bible. Moreover, scientists now had proof that the Earth was much older than had ever been imagined before, making the history of humanity seem like a blink of the universes eye. The Victorian macrocosm could no longer blindly accept that the world had been created in six days after geologists had proven that the world evolved into its current form over millions of old age. In addition, a theory called Higher Criticism developed which read the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but as a historical text. In the face of these incredible and disturbing discoveries and theories, the faith of many Victorian Christians was profoundly shaken. The Victorian masses no longer had a bedrock of tradition and Biblical scripture to stand upon it had been dashed to pieces by fossilized rocks and the skulls of apelike men. The poet laureate of the age, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the voice of the Victorian people, expresses his horror and bewilderment at the implications of these scientific discoveries in In Memoriam A. H. H. In sections 54, 55, and 56 of this lengthy poem, Tennyson finds his belief in God weakened and his faith foundering in the face of scientific fact. In the face of evolution, geology, and natural selection, ... ...eration of evidence he cannot deny. He is wounded by Gods apparent betrayal of humanity and desperate for an answer, but there is none forthcoming. It took years for the wounds inflicted by science on the faithful to heal. Some Victorians chose agnosticism as their new philosophy of God if someone could prove to them His Existence, then they would believe. Others chose to become atheists. ungodliness stated that there was no God, no afterlife, and no divine creator. While neither of these theologies was very popular during the Victorian period, they have continued to exist. The citizens like Tennyson who act to reconcile their old faith with their new knowledge had to find ways to blend the two together, to show that it was possible for God to work through nature to achieve His ends. They had to gather together the dust of Earth, and with it shape a Heaven.

The Banning Of Little House On The Prairie :: essays research papers fc

"The Banning of Little House on the Prairie"     Objections to Little House on the Prairie arose in the mid 1990s. Until then, the book, as closely as the rest of the series, was highly praised for children of all ages. In fact, Laura was such a highly praised reason that a book award was named in her honor, The Laura Ingalls Wilder Award. It was establish in 1954 by the American Library Association and was first presented to Mrs. Wilder herself for the Little House on the Prairie series. It is now presented every three years to an author who has produced a piece of work that has made a substantial and lasting contribution to childrens literature.     Little House on the Prairie was first challenged in 1993 by parents of students at Lafourche Parish ele workforcetary schools in Thibodaux, Louisiana. They were requesting the novel be removed on the grounds of it being "offensive to Indians." Parents recited excerpts from the book supporting their objections as follows "naked wild men", "terrible men", and "glittering black eyes". A phrase repeated several times the Ingalls neighbor, Mrs. Scott, was also cited, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." Further, another quote was given to the school board from when Ma and the girls were alone in the cabin since Pa was gone hunting. Two men from the Osage nation visited the cabin in which Laura describes them as, "Those Indians were dirty and scowling and mean. They acted as if the house belonged to them." Wilder then goes on to describe how the Indians went through their cupboards and began to take food and tobacco and pelt that was to be traded for plows and seeds until the Indians companion stopped him. The school board denied the request and the book was retained. In 1994, the book was banned from elementary schools in Sturgis, South Dakota again on the grounds that "it contains statements that are considere d derogatory to Native Americans." The objection presented to the Sturgis School Board were mainly cited in the Lafourche Parish challenge, and Sturgis evidenced significantly greater public support for the ban.     Should we immortalise this book? This is a question that can be answered in many shapes and forms. I think the Little House on the Prairie series is a channelize to read, and a wonderful addition in any persons library. I own copy of the series myself and practically know it by heart.

Willa Cathers Death Comes for the Archbishop :: Willa Cather Death Comes for the Archbishop

Willa Cathers Death Comes for the Archbishop - A Powerful Non-NovelResponding to the criticism that Death Comes for the Archbishop is not a novel, Willa Cather proposed that the work was a narrative. Her choice of the word narrative signifies that the structure of Death Comes for the Archbishop is closer to that of a biography.A narrative is a type of musical theme used to recount events over a period of time and can incorporate description as well plot, but it does not necessarily gain to. Death Comes for the Archbishop follows the guidelines of a narrative in that it recounts the events of amaze Latours life, beginning when he is appointed to New Mexico and ending with his death. Cather incorporates description into her narration, but does not offer hammy plot structure.A novel utilizes the elements of narration, specifically including description and plot. Novels also incorporate a climax to the story along with denouement. Plot is unfolded by the actions, speech and thoughts of a character. It is these actions that lead to the climax and the resolution of the story.Based upon the guidelines used to classify a novel, Death Comes for the Archbishop does not meet the requirements and is therefore not a novel. Her work tells a story, but does not offer plot, climax or resolution. The events that are recounted in Cathers work do not build upon each other in modulate to offer a climax. Each event is no more significant than the one before it for example, Cather places just as much emphasis on Latours consanguinity with Olivares as he does with helping Sade pray (p 175, 213).While the events themselves do not add up to create the dramatic plot structure requirement to call Death Comes for the Archbishop a novel, each individual event experienced by Latour, is in itself a story that includes both climax and resolution. An example of this is Father Latours death. It begins with him getting sick and living his last days, building up to his final moments and cu lminating in his death. The resolution to this individual event is the bell tolling and Latour being placed in the church he built. Each event in Latours life does have plot and resolution, creating difficulty in not calling it a novel. However, if the work is examined as a whole piece, from beginning to end, it is evident that while it fits the boundaries of narration, it does not meet the qualifications of a novel.

Bank of New York Essay -- essays research papers

Executive SummaryFounded in 1784, the hope of newfangled York is the oldest bound in the United States. It was the first bank in New York that opened just months after the departure of British troops from American soil in lower Manhattan. During that time period the monetary system was complex and confusing. The founders decided that The Bank of New York wasnt going to be a common origination that bang-upized on land it focused on specie, which is money in coins. Then in 1792 the first corporate stock to trade on the newly open up New York Stock Exchange was the Bank of New York. During the course of their 220-year history, The Bank of New York has seen the country through turbulent times - seven wars, ten economical depressions and the World Trade Center disaster. And yet, The Company has survived all these crises and emerged even stronger..The Bank of New York is in the industry of Money Center Banks, which provide many run that enable institutions and individuals to move and manage their financial assets in more than 100 markets worldwide. This company has a long tradition of collaborating with clients to focus on securities servicing, treasury management, investment management, and individual and regional banking services. This company also has an extensive global client base.The Bank of New York is ranked 15th in its industry with a capital market of 21.2 billion. Some of its top three competitors are Citigroup Inc, JP Morgan Chase, and State Street Corp. Given its long history and conservative approach, it is no wonder that The Bank of New York is one of the leading retail banks in the Metropolitan Area. It has 350 locations which not only offer traditional banking, but insurance and investment services.Although the stock price of The Bank of New York has decreased over the past year, it is our sound judgement that it would be a good opportunity to buy the stock at its price. The most recent every quarter earnings have been much higher than ana lysts forecasts have predicted. The Bank of New York earnings growth in the past year has accelerated more cursorily than it has in the past three years.The Bank of New York Industry positionFounded in 1794, The Bank of New York is New Yorks first and oldest bank. It opened for subscriber line at the Walton House in lower Manhattan. During tha... ...dministration and accounting, collateral management, and securities lending which is offered nationally and globally. Banking has never been considered attractive as an industry, but the industry has virtually been embodied in the movement of bigger, faster, and more. The BANK OF New York has been involved in faster transactions via ATMS and the Internet. They have also been involved in more counter such as insurance and securities. The Bank of New York has been notable in de-emphasizing lower margin traditional banking operations and has focused on more compensable technology based activities such as transaction processing and acco unt custody services. Given The Bank of New York redirection of its focus and earnings potential it would our opinion to invest in this companys stock. The Bank of New York seems to be a leader in its industry class and the value of its services will certainly be recognized in its future performance and innovation. Trend Analysis for Bank of New York 2004, 2003 & 2002