The Islamic State Is No More A Collection Of Psychopaths

ISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The Obama administration prefers the term ISIL which means the Islamic State in Levant. The term Levant literally means the rising; in reference to the land where the sun rises. However, many western news have decided to switch and call the group by the name Islamic State. ISIS finds its roots after the invasion in 2003 of Iraq by the United States. â€Å"ISIS is a Sunni jihadist group born in 2004 in Iraq. Known at the time as a cell of al-Qaeda - Al Qaeda in Mesopotamia, the group acted under the leadership of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi†. (LUÈšAI, R. C. (2015). The Islamic State -- aspects of sovereignty. International Journal On Humanistic Ideology, 6(2), 143-152.)The Jordanian Abou Moussab Al-Zarqaoui is the funding father of this movement. As it is said in the article â€Å"the Islamic State is no more a collection of psychopaths†. Indeed, ISIS became a group aware of their influence and well organized. This Sunni fundam entalist group has as main goal which is to fight against infidels, whom according to them are all people that does not adhere to their beliefs. ISIS wants to establish a caliphate, which is â€Å"an Islamic state. It s led by a caliph, who is a political and religious leader who is a successor (caliph) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His power and authority is absolute.† Islam is their first tool, that’s how they can make some partisan and expand in the Middle East. â€Å"Known at the time as a cell of al-Qaeda - Al Qaeda inShow MoreRelatedIslamic Violence And The Islamic State898 Words   |  4 Pages Islamic State Imagine waking up one morning, walking out of your house, and seeing men with rifles walking up and down the streets of your neighborhood. The armed men directing traffic, checking businesses, telling the women how to dress. It would not be a pleasant morning would it? This is what Syria and Iraq have been experiencing with the Islamic sate taking over the two countries. The armed men telling people what to do, inspecting everything, and controlling all the movement is the least ofRead MoreThe Islamic State And Terrorism985 Words   |  4 Pageshave been experiencing with the Islamic State taking over the two countries. The armed men telling people what to do, inspecting everything, and controlling all the movement is the least of Syria and Iraq’s problems. The Islamic state has committed various acts of violence in both countries. The Islamic State has to be put to a stop if not by the countries surrounding it, than by the United States before it causes more destruction in other places. â€Å"The Islamic state is a transnational Sunni IslamistRead MoreWw2 and Its Influences in the Bosnian Genocide4761 Words   |  20 Pagesvarious acts of war crimes towards Bosnian Muslims. It carries out a historical investigation of the causes of the war crimes, trying to make clear how the Bosnian Serbs could kill neighbors just because of their religion or where they resided. In more detail, the investigation deals with the origin of the tension between both groups, how Nationalistic influences from World War II were prevalent during the genocide, and how World War II influenced the practices sought to carry out the genocide, examiningRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageset al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen

Short Story - 1068 Words

She stepped out of the long stretched black limo. It took her four hours to get here. Not that matters to anyone but her. She made it and that was what was important. She smoothed the wrinkles from her dress. The mood darken as she stepped inside the building. In the corner to her right, Ms. Lou and Mrs. Right sat judging everyone the second they stepped into their view. Those two ladies had been judging people for as long as she could remember, but for someone to be allowed to judge them, yeah, not likely to happen. â€Å"Some people never change.† she thought to herself. It’s been six years since her last visit and she expected more people to be amongst the dead instead of the living considering that’s where most of their personalities were.†¦show more content†¦The chatter stopped when a much younger version of the man sitting beside her walked in. This one was the real killer. She was sure of it. His hands were stained with blood and his thoughts wer e filled with guilt. He bowed his head without making eye contact. He walked straight up to the closed coffin, kneeling in front of it. He oozed the regret. She softly rubbed the hand she held in hers before getting up and walking over to him. She kneeled next to him, not saying a word. They didnt make eye contact, she just quietly and gently placed her hand on top of his as she had done with his father. I downed another iced cold beer. â€Å"You’re gonna be late.† I shook my head. I knew this but I didn’t completely care. I needed to drown myself in this moment. â€Å"I’m getting out of the car, it’s safe now your cousin is here.† I gazed through the windshield trying to focus to see her. The limo looked to be doubled. She stepped out of it brushing her hand through her hair and across her dress. I begged her not to leave all those years again. She had other plans for her life though. This town was too small for her. She needed to get away from the stories of her parents. We didnt blame her. We just wanted to go with her. I just wanted to go with her. She promised to come back and here she was making good on that promise for the wrong reasons but hey she kept her word. Job well done. The car door slammed shut and I popped the cap off anotherShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 W ords   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of eventsRead MoreRacism in the Short Stories1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intr uding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. In

Molecular Biology Surrogate Marker for Endoscopic

Question: Describe about the Molecular Biology for Surrogate Marker for Endoscopic. Answer: 1. The conditional and inducible gene knockout is a type of technique which is used for the elimination of a particular gene from a certain tissue like the kidney and liver. The use of this technique is in the study and determination of the function of specific individual genes of the living organisms. This process is different from the traditional gene knockout because in this process only specific gene at specific time is being deleted (Li, Y et al. 2014). The traditional gene knockout may result in the embryonic death due to the gene mutation and thus the study of the gene in adult condition by the scientist gets prevented but the use of the conditional gene knockout technique eliminates all these side effects of the traditional gene knockout technique. There are several tissues which are not possible to be studied properly in the isolation, this proves that genes are inactive in some specific tissue and active in other tissues (George et al. 2015). However by the use of the this conditional gene knockout technology it is possible to eliminate the genes present at a particular stage of development and the study can also be done about the affect of the knockout of the gene of one tissue have over the genes of the other tissues. The most common technique use for the conditional gene knockout technology is the Cre-lox recombination system. In this system the specific recombinase enzyme Cre recognizes the two lox that is the loci of the recombination sites present within the DNA and causes recombination among them (Kumar et al. 2016). This technique of conditional gene knockout in mice is often used for the study of several human diseases because there are many genes present which produces similar phenotypes both the species. For studying kidney function and learning and memory in mice lacking Msc1 knockout mutation must be created in each of the embryonic stem cells that take part in the protein coding genes present in these tissues of the mice. The genes are made to be knockout because it is the best way to determine the accurate function of the genes and study more about the role of these genes in human disease. In this particular project it is to be focused that is there any deficiencies occurring in the formation of the wiring of the brain and development of it due to the elimination of the Msc1 and what happens if the targeted gene is not eliminated. It also have to be determined that what changes occurs in the development of the memory cells due to the lack of these Msc1 (Put et al. 2016). Also the changes in the function of kidney due to the lack of the Msc1 have to be checked. This can be done by knockouting the Msc1 gene and after that monitoring the changes that are occurring in the mutated mice in comparison to the wild type mice.For the development of the mouse models comprising these diseases requires a new strategy for the generation of the animal lines with genetic changes that are identical. This opportunity is provided by the pluripotent stem cells isolated from the embryo of the mouse(Rotunno et al. 2015).. 2. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) along with the ulcerative colitis (UC) andCrohns disease (CD) are disorders that are mediated by the immune system and these diseases are characterized by the relapsing and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Though the cases of IBD were observed very rarely about century ago but in recent times the prevalence rates of the IBD have increased (D'Haens et al. 2012). Though it is clear that genetic susceptibility is responsible for this disease still the environment, diet and the resident microbial population of the intestinal area are also considered to play an essential role in the start and development of the disease. For the collection of the pure population of cells from the frozen tissue laser micro dissection technique can be used (Lutgens et al. 2013). This allows the molecular profiling of these cells which is also reflective of these cells in vivo state. The mouse model is used for the analysis of the gene expression present in the large intestine. This analysis is mainly done with the intact colon tissue and also gives insights as the molecular pathways that are involved in the maintenance and the initiation of inflammation. However the colon is type of a complex tissue which possessesdifferent distinct layers like the submucosa, mucosa, serosa and muscular layer.The epithelial layer present in the colon mucosa comprises goblet cells,enterocytes, intraepithelial lymphocytes and stem cells (Xuan et al. 2016). The main aim of this project is to depictthe global gene expression changes in complete colon tissue after and before the development of the inflammation inIl10/mice.The total inflamed colon comprises a huge number of infiltration of the immune cells which can be considered to be associated with the damage of the tissue and the overall changes in the morphology of the intestine which occurs due to inflammation. The primary role of the epithelium in the process of inflammation improvement needs an additional understanding of the changes of the cell that are occurring in the IBD epithelial layer in vivo condition. The laser micro-dissection and subsequent microarray analysis of the epithelial cells of the colon make it possible to identify the pathways and the process that are related to the procedure of inflammation. For the investigation of this hypothesis interleukin 10 gene deficiency mouse that is (Il10/) is used, which is responsible for the development of the inflammation of the intestine that is similar to IBD (Hua et al. 2013). The ethics involving mice in the experiments Utilizing creatures as a part of research has dependably been a subject of level headed discussion among mainstream researchers around the world. The choice to play out specific trials on live creature subjects is constantly taken after a progression of examinations were at that point performed, leaving this as a last necessity before live human testing. It ought to dependably be performed when it is resolved that it will give a huge progression in the field and will later outcome in a change to the human, social or natural prosperity. Verifiably, creatures have been utilized as a part of logical trials since old circumstances. Their utilization has differed significantly, thus did the ethical ramifications (Yipp et al. 2012). As pharmaceutical progressed as the centuries progressed, utilizing live or dead creatures was of vital significance for physiology or life systems tests. In cutting edge society, creature examinations are a privilege credited to skilled specialists who can gua rantee others conscious care and utilization of the creatures in controlled situations, with as meager uneasiness as could be expected under the circumstances to the living creature. Mice were utilized as prime subjects for therapeutic examinations, particularly in pharmacokinetics studies and treatment (Jouan-Lanhouet et al. 2012). The host and microbe relation-ship is very necessary for the normal development of the immunity of the gut mucosal and for the maintenance of the intestinal homeostasis and it also prevents the uncontrolled periods of the inflammation of the local portion. The colonization of the pathogens and the virulence is also prevented by the microbiota of the gut and at the same time it also promotes the function of the epithelial barrier by promoting the rejuvenation of the epithelial cells. the genetics of the host and the immune mechanism modulated the gene expression of the recognition of the microbial molecular pattern so that an influence over the diversity and the function of the local microbiota can be made. There are many genes which includes for the maintenance of epithelial barrier function are IBD5, ITLN1, DMBT1, DLG5, PTGER4, XBP1, and the genes which are included in the process of beginning of secondary immune response are HLA-region, PTPN2, TNFSF15/TL1A, IRF5, PTPN22, NKX2-3, IL -18RAP, IL-12B, MST1. Thus it can be concluded from here that alteration in the genetic level may influence the immunity of the organism just by promoting or suppressing the blooms of the pathogenic microbiota and in return of this it affects the integrity of the epithelial-barrier, inflammation and immunity of the host intestine. The recent days studies shows that there is a quite good relationship between the process of inflammation, the gene Il10/ and the gut microbiota. The microbial status has a huge influence over the growth of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Due to the deficiency of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 on the effector T cells the mice develops chronic intestinal inflammation. This chronic inflammation increases the chances of the tumorigenesis which is further initiated by colon specific carcinogen. Different hypothesis shows that inflammation sometimes alter the composition of the microbial community in the Il10/ mice which susceptible to colitis in comparis on to the wild type (WT) mice (Devkota et al. 2012). Though the germ free mice exhibit to have an undeveloped immune system, this approach is perfect for the study of the microbiome because it diminishes the microbiota legacy. The samples of the stool and the samples of the distal colon represent the luminal and the microbiota which are mucosally adherent and these samples are composed from the Il10/ (colitis), AOM-treated Il10/ (colitis or cancer), AOM-treated WT (healthy) and WT (healthy). For the evaluation of the microbial population the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing of the V6 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene is performed. This region of the bacterial gene is the hyper variable portion of the gene. The colitis susceptible Il10/ mice shows a decrease in the microbial richness in comparison to the healthy WT mice. Studies shows that there is an abundance of Proteobacteria in the Il10/ microbiota in comparison to the healthy WT mice. In the Proteobacteria the class of Gammapro teobacteria, Enterobacteriales order and the Enterobacteriaceae family were observed to be more significantly abundant in the Il10/ mice (Teichmann et al. 2012). The IL-10-819C/T polymorphism is not expressively related to the colon cancer. However the recent studies suggested that IL-10 819TT genotype can be considered as the protective factor for the cancer among the Asians especially in the case of gastric cancer. On the other hand CT genotype and the dominant model can be a risk factor for the ovarian and the cervical cancer (Yu, Z et al. 2013). The significance of the stratifying by the cancer type, ethnicity, sample size and study design required to be standardize in the studies of the future along with the consideration of the association between the cancer riskand IL-10 819C/T polymorphism. A broad variety of the usual cell as well as the tumor cells produces interleukin (IL)-8 and the principle role of it is the beginning and the intensification of the acute inflammatory reactions. The IL-8 is also being concerned in the processes of chronic inflammation. The IL-10 is one type of the immunoregulatory cytokine and the main biological function of it is the termination process of the inflammatory response. The proliferation and the differentiation of several types of immune cells are regulated by the IL-10 (Turner et al. 2014). This gives the evidence that IL-10 have dual role one is the antiangiogentic cytokine and the second one is the Immunosuppressive which promotes and inhibits the effect on the tumor enlargement and progression. Since the role of the IL-8 and IL-10 are not at all very well defined, so investigation is still going on the impact of the IL- and IL-10 on the sporadic colon cancer progression and development. Though an increased IL-8 and IL-10 expression is observed in various tumors and also some studies exhibits IL-8 and IL-10 levels related to tumor metastasis and progression. Under different pathological conditions over expression as well as deficiency of the IL-10 can be found. Also it is analyzed that there is a significant IL-8 and IL-10 protein expression in the cases of sporadic colon tu mors (Galdiero and Mantovani, 2015). Reference Devkota, S., Wang, Y., Musch, M.W., Leone, V., Fehlner-Peach, H., Nadimpalli, A., Antonopoulos, D.A., Jabri, B. and Chang, E.B., 2012. Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/-mice. Nature, 487(7405), pp.104-108. D'Haens, G., Ferrante, M., Vermeire, S., Baert, F., Noman, M., Moortgat, L., Geens, P., Iwens, D., Aerden, I., Van Assche, G. and Van Olmen, G., 2012. Fecal calprotectin is a surrogate marker for endoscopic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 18(12), pp.2218-2224. Galdiero, M.R. and Mantovani, A., 2015. Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization: Relevance to Biomaterials. Host Response to Biomaterials: The Impact of Host Response on Biomaterial Selection, p.117. George, A.A. and Walworth, N.C., 2015. Escape from mitotic arrest: an unexpected connection between microtubule dynamics and epigenetic regulation of centromeric chromatin in Schizosaccharomycespombe. Genetics, 201(4), pp.1467-1478. Hua, Y., Shen, J., Song, Y., Xing, Y. and Ye, X., 2013. Interleukin-10 592C/A, 819C/T and 1082A/G polymorphisms with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A huge review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(6), p.e66568. Jouan-Lanhouet, S., Arshad, M.I., Piquet-Pellorce, C., Martin-Chouly, C., Le Moigne-Muller, G., Van Herreweghe, F., Takahashi, N., Sergent, O., Lagadic-Gossmann, D., Vandenabeele, P. and Samson, M., 2012. TRAIL induces necroptosis involving RIPK1/RIPK3-dependent PARP-1 activation.Cell Death Differentiation,19(12), pp.2003-2014. Kumar, N., Srivastava, S., Burek, M., Frster, C.Y. and Roy, P., 2016.Assessment of estradiol-induced gene regulation and proliferation in an immortalized mouse immature Sertoli cell line.Life sciences, 148, pp.268-278. Li, Y., Zheng, M. and Lau, Y.F.C., 2014. The sex-determining factors SRY and SOX9 regulate similar target genes and promote testis cord formation during testicular differentiation. Cell reports, 8(3), pp.723-733. Lutgens, M.W., van Oijen, M.G., van der Heijden, G.J., Vleggaar, F.P., Siersema, P.D. and Oldenburg, B., 2013. Declining risk of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: an updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 19(4), pp.789-799. Put, K., Vandenhaute, J., Avau, A., Van Nieuwenhuijze, A., Brisse, E., Dierckx, T., Rutgeerts, O., Garcia?Perez, J., Toelen, J., Waer, M. and Leclercq, G., 2016. Inflammatory gene expression profile and defective IFN? and granzyme K in natural killer cells of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients.Arthritis Rheumatology. Rotunno, G., Guglielmelli, P., Pacilli, A., Fanelli, T., Mannarelli, C., Pancrazzi, A. and Vannucchi, A.M., 2015.Mutational Landscape of Patients with Myelofibrosis That Do Not Harbor Mutations in JAK2, MPL and Calreticulin Driver Genes.Blood, 126(23), pp.4091-4091. Teichmann, L.L., Kashgarian, M., Weaver, C.T., Roers, A., Mller, W. and Shlomchik, M.J., 2012. B cell-derived IL-10 does not regulate spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in MRL. Faslpr mice. The Journal of Immunology, 188(2), pp.678-685. Turner, M.D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T. and Pennington, D.J., 2014. Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(11), pp.2563-2582. Xuan, Y., Wang, L., Zhi, H., Li, X. and Wei, P., 2016. Association Between 3 IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Medicine, 95(6). Yipp, B.G., Petri, B., Salina, D., Jenne, C.N., Scott, B.N., Zbytnuik, L.D., Pittman, K., Asaduzzaman, M., Wu, K., Meijndert, H.C. and Malawista, S.E., 2012. Infection-induced NETosis is a dynamic process involving neutrophil multitasking in vivo.Nature medicine,18(9), pp.1386-1393. Yu, Z., Liu, Q., Huang, C., Wu, M. and Li, G., 2013. The interleukin 10 819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of 73 studies including 15,942 cases and 22,336 controls. Omics: a journal of integrative biology, 17(4), pp.200-214.

The Longest Shortcut Essays - Panama Canal, Culebra Cut, Gatn

The Longest Shortcut Section One The problem was the great 12,000 mile distance to go around South America to get to from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean or vice versa. The solution was to make canal to cut the distance down significantly. Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific coast in the 1513. Many famous people including Benjamin Franklin suggested that a route could be made through Panama to shorten the path. However, others people disagreed that it could be done in Panama. German explorer Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt believed that Panama was too mountainous and the wrong place to build the canal. ?U.S. Army Col. Charles Biddle concluded after four days of hiking in the jungle that the impracticality of building a canal in Panama ought to be clear to anyone.? (Kiger) Designing, constructing, and implementing the Panama Canal is one of the largest macro-engineering projects in recorded history. It took a two nations and the workforce of many other nations to complete. Columbia lost a large part of its land and the Republic of Panama was created for the sole purpose of building the Canal. ?Apart from wars, it represented the largest, most costly single effort ever before mounted anywhere on earth.? (McCullough 11) Not only were there advances in technology, but also entire technologies were created for this macro-engineering project. ?In the history of finance capitalism, in the history of medicine, it was an event of signal consequence.? It marked a score of advances in engineering, government planning, labor relations.? (McCullough 12) Even thought it took numerous people to design and finish the Panama Canal's original creator was the entrepreneur Vicomte Ferdinand De Lesseps. Ideas varied on how to complete the task. Vicomte Ferdinand De Lesseps was the first in charge of the Panama Canal. De Lesseps promoted the idea of the French building the canal. He believed that he would return pride to France by completing this project. He successfully completed the Suez Canal in Egypt. He planned to repeat his success in Panama using a sea level canal. He sold stock and investors put up about 240 million dollars. Three times the amount of what the Suez Canal cost. The completion of the Canal was set at twelve years. 20,000 workers were working on the canal by 1883. The French had a string of failures. They failed because the technology and medical technologies didn't exist at this point of time. De Lesseps was more a man of personality then an engineer, for he had no technical training. The French piled dirt up next to the spots they were digging. This cause landslides and they had to dig the same spots over. About 200 people were dieing a month from yellow fever. (Kiger) The French had no idea what was causing this. Next to the hospital they had plants in basins filled with water to stop umbrella ants from eating them. Unbeknownst to the French this was the perfect breeding ground. These basins helped mosquitoes breed in great numbers that carried yellow fever. The money was squandered and embezzled from the project. The French then decide that maybe switching to a lock canal might be better in order to try to comfort investors. De Lesseps realizes that he is out of his league and asks Eiffel for help. It is too late for the French to succeed in completing the canal. De Lesseps's Canal Company goes out of business and simply run out of funds to continue work. The French pull out of Panama after 10 years, but not until 287 million dollars was spent and 20,000 people died. Many people are sent to prison over the financial fiasco. The word Panama became synonymous with the word scandal in France. ?Leon F. Czolgosz, aged twenty-eight, a Detroit resident of Polish heritage and an unemployed mill worker of anarchist sentiments, had fired a concealed .32 Iver Johnson revolver point blank into the President's chest. McKinley doubled over and fell backward into the arms of his Secret Service escorts.? (The American President) When this happened the presidential power went to Theodore Roosevelt. With this change also brought change in American foreign policy. Columbia could not agree with terms United States wanted to

Essay Sample on Marriages Why Do They Fail

Essay Sample on Marriages Why Do They Fail The marriage is considered to be the combination of two lives for passing the Life span with mutual interest. According to an other saying Husband and the wife are considered the wheels of vehicle if any one of them faces problems; the other will likely suffer the same. There are two types of marriages prevalent in the world. The First one is Love marriage and the other one is arranged marriage. In western countries mostly the love marriages are preferred over the arranged marriages because they have open society norms. But in Eastern Countries mostly the marriages are arranged by the parents of the boys and girls. The nature and problems of the marriages vary from the type of society. There are some societies where the marriages are regarded good and lawful relationship between the Wife and husband and it last for long time. But in the west in some countries, there are several problems because both the wife and husband have to work and look after the children. There are usually rifts upon the family background of the either side, financial matters and other domestic problems which cause divorce or separation legally from the life partner. Main reasons of failure: The main reasons of failure are giving below. These are related with natural, human relationships in marriage: 1. It is observed that often couples fail to anticipate differences which result from diverse cultural backgrounds, differing family experiences, gender, and so on.. 2. The Couples fall into the concept of a â€Å"fifty-fifty† relationship, meaning they honestly expect their spouses to meet them halfway on all aspects 3. The society has taught us that mankind is basically good. Therefore, often the couples fail to anticipate and assess their self-centered natures that demand their own way. 4. The married couples fail to cope with life’s trials or hard times . When painful trials come into the marriage, instead of standing together through them, couples tend to blame each other or in other words think something is wrong with the spouse and the way they handle the pain and this leads to their separation . 5. Many people have got a fantasy view of love and life . They abruptly feel stuck with person who does not appear to loving and become deceived into the wrong belief that the next one will be better than the current .. 6. it is also observed at large scale that many people lack a vital relationship with region background . It could be that they have never come to a specific point in time when they asked their deities into their lives as a result he has no impact on the marriage relationship. 7. The Marriages are often forced , in such condition the circumstances lead to divorce due misunderstanding between the Couple . They are married with the will of their parents . They do not appear to interested in them selves. 8. The women are very jealous with other women so they do not want their love divided in two parts , this is an other important cause of failure of marriages . 9. The heavy drunkards often beat their wives and inflict punishment which causes a serious reaction and the circumstances lead them to separation. 10. There is an other common failure of parenting is to not instill principles in children. They are merely programmed like read only memories. That is, they are told what to do in different situations instead of being given the moral, economic, or health principles involved. As a result, the children form their own principles from the statements from their parents, which seldom are the principles that the parents wanted to instill. Measures to escape marriage failures: Now the question arise how to escape the failures of marriages. Well to sustain the successful marriages the following point will be useful Firstly the marriages should not forced or conditional which may cause initial displeasure which lea to divorce. The like-mindedness is an other asset to sustain a successful marriage. The marriages both either arranged or love marriages may considered as the most important relations between the couple and they should be cooperative to each other and forgive the small rifts otherwise they will occur as big problems and lead to divorce. Finally the Wife and Husband has sacred relations in all religions of the world , so they must care each other as their impact quarrels may not affect the Life and nature of their children after their birth. It is generally observed that divorce is the legal right separation of both husband and wife , but it may practice when there is solution otherwise divorced woman has no value in the society as compared Husband who can marry any girl . Finally the marriages are very sensitive relations so they have some critical nature of notion. All depends upon both the husband and the Wife to spend the life in such a way that they can live a happy life and establish an example for the people who follow this relation. They must take care of each other and know the interests of each other in order to properly understand the likes and dislikes of each other. Furthermore in joint families , they should be given freedom to interact each other as they need the support of one other to pas the long span of age. If you need custom essay, research paper, thesis or term paper on Sociology feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

My Dissertation

My Dissertation My Dissertation My Dissertation I do not remember myself being as happy as I was yesterday, when I finally received my diploma. My dissertation dealt with automobile pollution. I have always been interested in ecology. The city where I live is badly polluted, and it gets worse year after year. The reason is that there are two plants and some coal mines here, and, of course, the cars are uncountable! I have always been concerned about the ecological situation in my town, as it hurts to see how my beloved city is slowly approaching an ecological disaster. So when I was assigned to write a dissertation, I was happy that I could choose the topic myself. In my dissertation I tried to find how the city population can help reduce the automobile pollution. I addressed the staff, and I was happy to find a supervisor who agreed to help me. My Dissertation Troubles The troubles started when I passed over to collecting evidence for my dissertation. Unfortunately, I could not find the necessary amount of s ources. The information I found was out of date, and it was not enough. When I went to the university library the result was the same, they brought me some journals that were almost useless. My supervisor told me that he could only guide me and give me an advice when needed, but I should collect the evidence myself. So I was stuck with my dissertation, I could not continue work because I just did not have information to analyze. I felt that I was just losing time, I was depressed and frustrated and felt that my diploma was in danger. My Dissertation Writing Service Luckily, my friend told me about this dissertation writing service. I was really happy to know that a competent writer would help me, it was like a sunrise deep in hell! The writers of this service have access to thousands online sources, and it appeared not difficult to find just what I needed. So after my dissertation was carefully written and checked, I submitted it. My dissertation was a big success! In Case You H ave A Problem Now I am happy to have my diploma. I am so grateful to my friend who advised me to address this service! I heard about services like this before but I was not sure if they could be trusted. But I had to take chances, and I was right! Now I know that in case I have any problems with my written tasks again I will know who to address.

The Population Variance and Standard Deviation Speech or Presentation

The Population Variance and Standard Deviation - Speech or Presentation Example The standard deviation of the sample was 4.1 million. Find the 95% confidence interval of the true mean. Â  12. It has been reported that 20.4% of incoming freshmen indicate that they will major in business or a related field. A random sample of 400 incoming college freshmen was asked their preference, and 95 replied they were considering business major. Estimate the true proportion of freshmen business majors with 98% confidence. Does your interval contain 20.4? Â  16. A recent study indicated that 29% of the 100 women over age 55 in the study were widows. How large a sample must you take to be 90% confident that the estimate is within 0.05 of the true proportion of women over age 55 who are widows? Â  8. Find the 90% confidence interval for the variance and standard deviation of seniors at Oak Park College if a sample of 24 students has a standard deviation of 2.4 years and the variable is normally distributed. What would be the 95% confidence interval? Â  12. The percentage rates of home ownership for 8 randomly selected states are listed below. Estimate the population variance and standard deviation for the percentage rate of home ownership.

The world has become increasingly more militarized Essay

The world has become increasingly more militarized - Essay Example 32). The ever rising military expenditures on the war against terrorism groups such as Al-Qaeda and Hezbollah has led to many stakeholders such as scholars, economists, diplomats, human rights groups and international organisations to question the rationale, causes, implications and consequences of these expenditures on the world (Ricolfi, 2005, P. 129). Although increased military expenditures on rebel and terror groups has been evident since historical times, the emergence of the current trends of rising military expenditures in anti-terrorism crusades could be traced to the 9/11/2001 terror attacks on the United Stated of America’s Twin Towers. It is after these Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks on the United States that the idea of ‘Global War on Terror (GWOT) became prominent (Wright, 2006, P. 159). Since these and later attacks on U.S interests elsewhere in the world, military expenditures on the war against terrorism have been exponentially increasing (Lustick, 2006, P. 217). The GWOT initiative has been particularly influential in shaping military spending trends, with a reported annual increase of 5% between 2001 and 2006 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 271). In fact, in the six years preceding the Al-Qaeda masterminded attacks in New York, an annual increase of 0.4% on military spending had been reported with the United States has being identified to account for nearly half the military expenditures against terrorism in the entire world (Sturr, 2006, P. 97). For instance, for the United States along, there was a reported 53% increase in terrorism-related military expenditures in the five years preceding the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda (Ranstorp, 2009, P. 119). In fact, according to the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO) approximates that based on the size of troops deployed in operational areas, the total cost of GWOT is likely to reach between $1.2 trillion and $1.17 trilli on by 2017 (Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, 2008, P. 89).This paper thus explores the assertion that the increased military spending on the war against terro

Indonesian Culture Essay Example for Free

Indonesian Culture Essay Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit(shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling. The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of mens badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the countrys premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. The Indonesian film industrys popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, although it declined significantly in the early 1990s. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased. The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesias most famous novelist. Many of Indonesias peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suhartos rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media. The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008, Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009. More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27 percent of them are local brands.

Unreasonable Searches By Police Are Illegal Essay -- Police vs the Fou

No one should be searched without a good reason and warrant. People should have the right of privacy- it is important to them. It is ethical for police to have search warrants before searching a person’s personal belongings. There have been recent conflicts on police powers over the pass years. Police are disobeying the fourth amendment by searching illegally. Critics frown upon police, while supporters agree with the police. Being searched without a permit is unconstitutional, and police could take advantage of their power, and abuse it. It makes US citizens feel less secure and safe. Citizens need to be guaranteed rights as long as they behave. Neighborhoods do not benefit because if the police seize this power of going into a person’s belongings without a permit, then they would use their powers to see what kind of person they are, or finding out on people’s personal business. In general, police will not respect the privacy of the person and his belongings. Therefore, no one should be searched without an extremely good reason and a warrant. Unreasonable searches are unethical. There are many people involved in this issue. They are the police force, the media, the communities, teens and families, victims and families, and the justice system. Neighbors need to feel safe and controlled, and everybody needs to feel equal. â€Å"Liberty is freedom from arbitrary or government† (http://dictionary.com/), and the Fourth amendment assures that we have the freedom of privacy from the United States government. The Bill of Rights is ten rights that could not be taken away from people. The court Case Board of Education V. Earls (12/26/01) deals with the 4th amendment. Earl’s is a student at a school that requires students to h... ...Citizens need to be guaranteed rights as long as they behave. The 4th amendment shows that each and every citizen has privacy rights, and that a search without a permit is illegal. Citizens of the United States of America should not be searched without enough evidence and a permit. Works Cited "The Oyez Project, Board of Education v. Earls , 536 U.S. 822 (2002) ." OYEZ- U.S Supreme Court Media. N.p., 2002. Web. 31 Mar 2015. . "United States V. Jeffers, 342 U.S. 48 (1951)." FindLaw|Cases and Codes. N.p., 13, November, 1951. Web. 31 Mar 2015. .

Doctor Faustus Review

On the 14th November 2012 we went to the Rose’s Theatre in Tewkesbury to watch Scene Productions perform the tragedy ‘Doctor Faustus’ which was filled with disappointment and unexpected aspects. However, it did bring forward a message throughout the play which is showed clearly and effectively. This message was that people who give into temptation because of greed get punished; this is based on a religious concept. At first we got told the whole performance was going to be an hour, this straight away made me have doubts about the play and allowed me to think that it was going to be rushed which I felt like happened. Despite this, there were some promising scenes which made me as the audience have a mixture of emotions. When I first arrived into my seat, the first thing I noticed was the set placed on stage. It seemed like a very simple set, but also very effective. It clearly showed the time the performance was set and allowed us to have a personal interpretation of the character Doctor Faustus without even meeting him. Whilst the lights were still on and people were coming into the theatre, it seemed like the production started as we are first introduced to two characters walking around in a sinister sort of manor, whether it was because people were late into the theatre or it was planned, it was a huge distraction and it was hard to focus on the dilemma which is occurring on stage, as I kept on turning my head to the loud talking of people arriving, not only this the harsh lights were still on which helped me to not focus on the characters on the stage whatsoever. The character of Doctor Faustus played by Ben Elder was introduced as a puppet, this was effective as it allowed us to realise that compared to hell he was seen as vulnerable and small. It also helped to distance the audience and showed to us that we are not watching reality; it was simply an interpretation of an urban legend. However, I also felt that it would have been much more effective if it was an actual actor performing because then perhaps we as the audience would be able to view his acting skills. The music throughout the play was purposely sinister to reflect on the major theme of the production which was death. The music helped to build the climax, create atmosphere and to determine the audience’s emotion. The constant screaming and howling in the soundtrack helped to portray hell as a dangerous and horrific place to be. The music started to begin before the play even started this was effective as it allowed us to have an interpretation on the whole play and gave off an eerie atmosphere beforehand. There were a few mistakes made in the whole performance which disheartened me and made it seem messy and disorganised. When organising props and having costume changes behind the actual set, it became distracting if ever a noise was made or the sheet was accidently knocked. This decreases its effectiveness as it clearly distracted me from the performance. Small incidents were made, from tripping up the stairs whilst getting on the stage, to a door not opening fully for Faustus to get through backwards. However these little mistakes were acceptable but it brought up climaxes for nothing. They developed Doctor Faustus’s thoughts by presented them as an angel and a devil on either side trying to convince him to go onto their side. They were seen as a black card with wings on either side and hid their bodies. The persistent flapping of their wings showed their persevering and their urge to not give up. Though sometimes the angel and devils got a bit stupid They also interacted with the audience which effectively broke the fourth wall, as it engaged the audience and it felt like we were part of the play. The use of the sign saying ‘clap’ or ‘gasp’, I thought was a quite over exaggerated as it completely distracted you from the entire play. It also brought a comical feel to the whole performance which changes the whole theme, did they intend to make you laugh or feel sympathy for Faustus? They made a member of the audience feel uncomfortable and separating the performer both physically and verbally. This makes the audience member feel apprehensive about going on stage due to the distinctive and eerie atmosphere, however this can easily be criticised as I felt that due to this I was watching more of a pantomime rather than a dramatic performance which I thought it was going to be as it struggled to create a powerful meaning, although it helped to patronise the audience which created a scary atmosphere, breaking t he conventions of a normal and evil play. The lighting throughout the play was effective as it demonstrates the major motif which is morally evil. I was constantly engaged when the arrogant protagonist who makes a pact with Lucifer to gain forbidden power and outstanding knowledge. He then finds himself getting dragged into the murky mist of hell. The low budget performance consisted of a mass of creativity, as the set didn’t change throughout the whole thing. There were small candles used to illuminate the stage and set which cleverly symbolized the heat that burns in life and death. The Candles also represented beauty which is highly ironic, as hell is an evil and sinister place, and is nowhere near beautiful. In conclusion, I felt that the narrative was creative but the way they presented it was filled with disappointment, perhaps without the humour it would be classed as a dramatic play which is what it is originally supposed to be. I myself would not go see it again as it did not appeal to me whatsoever; it got exhibited as a pantomime and made me feel like a child. Though I would recommend this production to the older generation as it is filled with complexities and enigmas, though it would also engage children as they get attracted the humour.

Proving Establish Liability For Each Offence Essay

Archie is employed to protect the pheasants on Lord Melchett’s estate from poachers. On day, from a distance he sees Liam and Craig on the estate and, knowing them to be poachers, he decides to ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’ and fires his shotgun at them. Both Liam and Craig are only wounded, however, but do need to be taken to hospital for treatment. On the way to the hospital, the brakes on the ambulance fail, it leaves the road and overturns on a bend and Liam dies in the accident. With reference to the case situation above, discuss, using decided cases to support you arguments: a) The offences, if any, with which Archie could be charged and what the prosecution would need to prove to establish liability for each offence; (20) b) And whether you think Archie would be convicted of any offence. (5) a. In relation to the death of Liam, there is the possibility that Archie would be charged under homicide. Archie carried out the apt actus reus of homicide, whereby he has committed an unlawful killing in the Queen’s peace in the county of the realm and death occurs within 1 year and 1 day. Although Liam died only in the accident, the main cause for his death was Archie shooting at him. As such, Archie has provided for the cause in fact, according to the ‘but-for’ test, where if but-for Archie, Liam would not have died. Contrary to R v. White, where the defendant’s mother died not from his poisoned drink but from a heart attack, Archie caused Liam’s death. Furthermore, Archie also undertakes the cause in law, as Liam’s wound is both substantive and operative. This is because it was Archie’s action that caused the injury (substantive) and this injury was still present at the time of Liam’s death (operative), as in R v. Malcherek & Steel, where it was held that original injuries were still an operative cause of victim’s death. However, it may be argued that a Novus Actus Intervenis, an intervening event, caused Liam’s death and that Archie is not the main cause. This is only partially true, as the ambulance’s break failure was the last event of the chain of causation and causing Liam’s death. Yet, Archie can still be held liable if it can be established that there was a break in the chain of causation, however, there is none. Thus, the ambulance accident was merely a negligent contribution, as in R v. Benge, and Archie’s act is the cause of Liam’s death. According to the mens rea of murder, proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm must be shown, as established in R v. Moloney, holding that intention may be inferred from the defendant’s foresight of consequences. Here, the charge will depend on Archie’s intention, which might be deduced from the words that he muttered: ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’. As such, Archie knew the consequences of his actions, and had an intention to carry it out. Yet if this is the case, it must also be considered why Archie didn’t actually carry out his apparent intention, to ‘rid himself of the problem for all time’, as he did not actually ‘get rid of’ (ie. kill) them. However, if this is not the case, it can be said that Archie’s intention can be found if he foresaw death or GBH as a virtually certain consequence, as in R v. Woollin. It is also not known where and the number of times Archie shot at Liam and Craig, as this would confer an indication of any considerable intention. If Archie’s shooting was limited, perhaps one or two in the leg, then it can be said he had no intention to kill, but just an intention to frighten. If he only had an intention to frighten, then his act is already an unlawful act in itself, as it is dangerous and is foreseeable to cause harm. This is true with Archie, and he also had the intention to commit the unlawful act, as in R v. Lamb, where the defendant did not have the mens rea to kill, but only to shoot the gun. Archie’s act was also dangerous, likewise in R v. Church where it was held that ‘dangerous’ would mean a reasonable man realizing the risk of creating some harm. In DPP v. Newbury & Jones, it is said that if the accused â€Å"intentionally commits a dangerous and unlawful act, causing harm or incidentally, the death, of another†, he is then guilty of constructive murder. Therefore, in relation to Liam’s death, Archie can be liable for constructive manslaughter. In relation to the injuries sustained by Craig, there is the possibility that Archie will be charged under Section 20 of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. The actus reus required here is merely wounding, as defined in JJC v. Eisenhower as â€Å"breaking of the skin†(skin here meaning any surface of the human body) or inflicting grievous bodily harm. The mens rea necessary includes a malicious intention and a foresight of physical harm. This foresight must involve the possibility of some physical harm to a person, as in R v. Mowatt. Archie, thus fulfills both the actus reus and mens rea for S20 of the OAPA. However, Archie may also be charged under Section 47 and Section 42. Under S47, Craig has to be seen to have sustained â€Å"actual bodily harm†, defined in R v. Miller as â€Å"any harm calculated to interfere with person’s health and comfort.† Under S42, Archie has to be seen to â€Å"put another person in fear of immediate personal violence† and has â€Å"touched another without their consent.† If this can be established, Archie would be liable for Section 20 (Offence involving wounding/GBH), Section 47 (Common assault, battery & GBH) and Section 42 (Assault & battery) of the Offences Against Persons Act 1861. b. In the case of Liam’s death, Archie would be charged for murder. However, this is rather difficult to prove, as the mens rea required for murder involves proof of intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm as established in R v. Moloney. Thus, he would not be convicted of murder, but rather involuntary manslaughter, with constructive liability. As for Craig’s injuries, Archie would be charged under Section 20 of the OAPA. Further charges might include Sections 47 and 42. The conviction under Section 20 is undeniable, but for Section 47 and 42, it is only highly plausible.

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development Introduction The developments of drugs often undergo various processes before being introduced into the market. One of the processes is the preclinical trials. Preclinical trials are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug on the treatment of the targeted disease (Mulay, 2001). According to the procedures and regulations governing drug development, preclinical trials are conducted in various stages ranging from the first stage to the third stage of phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each phase has distinct characteristics, activities and requirements as defined by the regulatory bodies. Apart from determining the effectiveness of the drug, pre-clinical trials are conducted to establish any side effects of the new drugs that may cause harm to individuals (Mulay, 2001). In other words, pre-clinical trials are con ducted to ascertain the effectiveness, mode of application as well as other clinical aspects of the drug before its administration. Preclinical trial phases in drug development In most countries, pre-clinical trials are conducted in three stages or phases. In the first phase, clinical trials are conducted in order to observe the behavior of the new drug in a small sample. In essence, the experiments are conducted using a small population to prove various assertions as well as to establish some aspects of clinical practices during the administration of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). In addition, the findings in the first phase inform the procedures as well as activities in the subsequent phases. In other words, some aspects in phase two and three are based on the findings of the first phase. In the second phase, further trials are conducted to provide more data particularly on the safety of the new drug and the way it work to treat the target disease (Mulay, 2001). The second phase estab lishes the pharmacological processes as well as the side effects of the drug. In the final phase, the pre-clinical trials are conducted in a larger sample and compare the effects of the drug on the experiment and the standard effect or treatment. The procedure and activities in the third phase is almost a repetition of the first phase. However, the population used for the trials in the third phase is large. In fact, the researchers and medical practitioners conduct the pre-clinical trials through elaborate experimental processes designed to examine the effect of the drug on the subjects as well as the changes in the behavior due to the effects of the new drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Every phase in the preclinical trials is intended to give diverse data concerning the treatment process of the new drug. The information required includes, safety, working processes as well as the doses (Spilker, 2000). In essence, preclinical trials are intended to provide more information on the laboratory p roof of the underlying hypothesis concerning the application of new drug and treatment processes.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, before the preclinical trials, the new drug is subjected to the laboratory tests to prove the underlying hypothesis. The laboratory experiments involve testing of theoretical hypothesis on the drug formulation (Mulay, 2001). The laboratory process is always an elaborate process and takes several years to turn theoretical concept into practical treatment. The laboratory experimentations confirm the effectiveness of the new drug. The pre-clinical trials are based on the results from the laboratory experimentations. Similarities and differences in the first and the third phases in the preclinical trials As indicated, the first and the third phase are similar in many cases. However, the differences also exist in many fronts. T he main aim in the first phase of preclinical trial involves establishing the safety of consumption of new drug (Spilker, 2000). The first phase follows the laboratory experimentation process. Therefore, the first phase in the preclinical trials is conducted on individuals. The procedures in establishing the effectiveness of the drug in the first phase are similar to the procedures in the third phase. In proving such drugs or treatment, the doctors carry out activities ranging from amassing statistics on the dose, timing as well as the wellbeing of the treatment. The involvements of people in the first phase of preclinical trials enable first-hand treatment or the amalgamation of various therapies (Spilker, 2000). The activities involved in the first phase of preclinical trials involve the steady amplification of the prescribed amount of drug under study. The gradual increase in the dosage known as dose escalation enables the dosage that produces optimal results without causing hars h side effects. In the process, the patients are initially administered with smaller amounts of the drug dosage (Hackshaw, 2011). In most cases, side effects are not observed in the first administration of the drug to a patient. The drug has to be applied to several patients in order to establish the side effects. Also included in the first phase of preclinical trials is the method of administering the drug. Investigators establish if the drug is administered orally or injected into the bloodstream. In addition, the fisrt phase establishes the reactions of the drug in the body including the way the drug spread into the body. The prescribed procedures are similar to the third phase and the only difference is the population of the patients being used. The performances of the first phase of preclinical trials are estimated to last for about a year. In addition, the first phase of preclinical trials often encompasses a minimal number of participants ranging from ten to twenty a distinct ive difference with other phases. Further, the first phase offer treatment to individuals’ diseases working against the preceding therapies (Mulay, 2001). In contrast, the third phase of preclinical trials aims are to undertake comparison measures between the latest therapies portraying potential outcomes when administered to a small number of patients exhibiting a particular ailment and the contemporary care standards of the explicit malady (Hackshaw, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the third phase involves gathering of data from a large figure of patients. As a result, the doctors are capable of establishing the effectiveness of the new drug as well as the extent of its side effects on the patients compared to the current standards. Another important aspect of the third phase of preclinical trials is that the experiments are often carried out as random trials. In essence, investigations on the standard application of the drug are conducted unevenly. Further, the third phase of clinical trials not only focus on the patients with a specific malady, but also encompass patients of diverse ages, ethnicities and both sexes thereby producing results applicable for a large population sample (Hackshaw, 2011). Given the long timeline in the third phase of clinical trials, large sample or population is required to complete the investigation. In most cases, the sample range between seven hundred to two thousand participants. Moreover, the success of the drug in the third phase preclinical trial leads to the application to the approval of the drug by the authorized bodies such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval of the drug due the successes in the preclinical trials shows that the drug can be administered for a precise use. Investigator brochure The IB (Investigatorâ€⠄¢s Brochure) is an all-inclusive document in drug development. Actually, during the drug preclinical trials, the manuscript sums up the body of info acquired in the study. Once the IB is obtained, it is modernized with fresh information. Throughout the entire procedure of drug development, the document (IB) is critically significant (Hackshaw, 2011). The human areas under discussion gathered in preclinical and clinical trials in study of drugs gets Investigator’s Brochure relevant when compiling data. All through the clinical trials, the investigators obtain essential insights from the IB for the administration of study subjects and study conducts (Hackshaw, 2011). The clinical trial protocol with protection measures and key aspects are set up by the investigator’s brochure. The key aspects may encompass, safety-monitoring procedures, techniques of administration, frequency and dosing intervals, as well as study of drugs. On the other hand, an IB helps the investigato r to clearly comprehend the safety measures, observations, specified examination, adverse reactions, and any possible risks accruing during the clinical trials (Mulay, 2001). In brief, the brochure is a guide and an abstract for the segment of the investigator.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The background knowledge in pharmaceuticals is critical in the investigation process during the third phase of preclinical trials. Moreover, based on the pharmacology and previous human experience of the investigational products, a clinical investigator should be in custody of the guidance (Mulay, 2001). The guide should consider treatment and identification of undesirable drug reaction and probable overdose. The information on the IB must be kept updated through a responsible sponsor. Contents of the investigator brochure in stage one of the product developments The investigator brochure explains all the activities taking place in the first phase of the product development. The brochure explains in details the required insights for the management and conduct of the investigators at the preclinical trials (Spilker, 2000). In addition, the brochure explains the study subjects as well as the effects of the drug throughout the first phase of the preclinical process. The information inc ludes the name of the drug, the development process, the way it works as well as the formula (Spilker, 2000). The specified data regarding the drug are obtained from the results of the laboratory tests. In essence, the investigator brochure in phase one will contain more information about the product. Further, the investigator brochure provides the investigator a summary of the information that guides the trials as well as possible risks and uncertainties that may be encountered during the study (Mulay, 2001). In fact, the brochure will provide the dose development procedure and the characteristics of the subjects that were used in the first phase of preclinical trial. In addition, the brochure will have detailed information regarding the potential risks or the adverse effects of the drug (Spilker, 2000). Moreover, the information concerning the use of the drug, whether in combination or applied singly will also be contained in the first phase investigator brochure. In the dose data , the brochure will provide more information on dose escalations and the observed side effects. Since the first phase is critical in the product development, the investigator brochure will contain more information that provides insights in the application of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Moreover, information concerning the drug administration will also be contained on the brochure. In addition, the investigator brochure also indicates how the side effects should be treated. In other words, the investigator brochure contains details on the possible side effects and the manner in which such adverse effects should be countered (Hackshaw, 2011). All the information in the brochure is based on the procedure provided and the results obtained from the trials. In the first phase of the product development, the investigator brochure provides direction on the identification and management on the negative effects of the drug. Conclusion The development of new drug undergoes various stages before being authorized to be used. The phase includes preclinical trials, which are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug. The preclinical trials are in phases. The first phase of preclinical trials tests the effectiveness and behavior differences of the subjects due to the administration of the new drug in a small sample. Similar aims and procedures are conducted in phase three. However, the third phase requires a large population. The major difference between phase one and phase three is the sample population where the third phase applies the larger sample population. The investigator brochure is critical in the provision of information during the preclinical trials. Specific to first phase of the preclinical trial, the investigator brochure provide the information concerning the new drug. Besides the product information and the investigation procedures, the first phase investigator brochure contains the information concerning the doses, timings as well as the safety of the product. References Hackshaw, A. (2011). A concise guide to clinical trials. Malden, MA: John Wiley Sons. Mulay, M. (2001). A step-by-step guide to clinical trials. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Spilker, B. (2000). Guide to clinical trials. Philadelphia: Raven Press.

Examples of Legends in Literary Texts

Examples of Legends in Literary Texts A  legend is  a  narrative - often handed down from the past - that is used to explain an event, transmit a lesson, or simply entertain an audience. Though customarily told as true stories, legends often contain supernatural, bizarre, or highly improbable elements. Types of legends include folk legends and urban legends. Some of the worlds most famous legends survive as literary texts, such as Homers Odyssey and  Chrà ©tien de Troyes tales of King Arthur. Folktales and Legends Although folktales and legends are both important genres of orally told narrative, in many ways they are decidedly different. As folklorists use the term, folktales are fictional stories; that is, they are regarded as fictions by those who tell and listen to them...Legends, on the other hand, are true narratives;  that is, they are regarded by their tellers and listeners as recounting events that actually took place, although to say so is an oversimplification....Legends are historical accounts  (such as the account of Daniel Boones encounters with Indians); or they are sorts of news accounts (as with contemporary or urban legends in which, for example, it is asserted that a madman with a hook arm recently attacked parked teenagers somewhere nearby); or they are attempts to discuss human interactions with other worlds, whether in the present day or in the past...However, in the social contexts in which legends  are told, attitudes toward the veracity of any given narrative may differ; some people may accept its truth, others may deny it, still others may keep an open mind but not commit themselves. (Frank de Caro, Introduction to  An Anthology of American Folktales and Legends.  Routledge, 2015) How Have Legends Appeared in Literary Texts? One of the worlds most famous legends is the story of Icarus, the son of a craftsman in ancient Greece. Icarus and his father attempted to escape from an island by making wings out of feathers and wax. Against his fathers warning, Icarus flew too close to the sun. His wings melted, and he plunged into the sea. This story was immortalized in Breughels painting Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, which W. H. Auden wrote about in his poem Musee des Beaux Arts. In Breughels Icarus, for instance: how everything turns awayQuite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman mayHave heard the splash, the forsaken cry,But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shoneAs it had to on the white legs disappearing into the greenWater, and the expensive delicate ship that must have seenSomething amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.(From Musee des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden, 1938) As stories handed down from the past, legends are often revised by each subsequent generation. The first stories of King Arthur, for example, were recorded in Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae  (History of the Kings of Britain), which was written in the 12th century. More elaborate versions of these stories later appeared in the long poems of  Chrà ©tien de Troyes. By several hundred years later, the legend was so popular that it became the subject of parody in Mark Twains humorous 1889 novel  A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court.

Reflecting on critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflecting on critique - Essay Example It has been argued that it is characterized by the possibilities of machines. Eiffel tower design is very interesting because â€Å"many modernist movements were interested in producing art and architecture that draws attention to the process of construction involved in making the objects and arts." 1 This can be seen clearly from the Eiffel tower, even though it is an old building the architects behind the design of the building wanted to appeal people by having a unique design that captures the human attention. Lyotard’s argues that there is a conflation of art and philosophy. This is because before designing an object an architect must first of all visualize what he or she wants to design. Post modernism brings about the effects that come about because of having a central focus being attraction rather than building a strong building that can withstand the test of time.2 Although there has been allegation that postmodernism is not well understood today because it there has been conflicting reports on which areas it covers, which can be found in â€Å"all the arts, poetry of John Ashberry for instance as all the arts† 3 One of the most important features of postmodernism is pastiche. Pastiche involves imitation of other forms of art. How ve, imitation of other forms of art is wrong because we will continue producing the same styles each year. In addition, it also limits creativity. Therefore, most architects have been discouraged from copying other people’s work. However, the relationship between design and philosophy comes out clearly in Eiffel towers. The architects who designed Eiffel towers tried to incorporate philosophy in designing a building. This is evident from the number of tourists who visit France in order to see Eiffel

Textbased Reading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Textbased Reading Assignment - Essay Example And upon this departure, "happiness" is coined up as the response to its inquiring mind as its ultimate end of its quest for truth. The Epicurean teaching of happiness as described in the study of philosophy entails the idea or that collaborates with the theory of "imperialism" (i.e. a form of knowledge acquired or is that knowledge perceived by the use of our senses or the process called sensation). It is by the reason of providing the idea of "casualty" (The principle of cause and effect relationship) in viewing or in understanding the concept of happiness in the Epicurean teaching, as of that which is motivated by the direct encounter to the corporeal world (material world) or the things seen or being felt present in the reality. And thus, this encounter with the corporeal world gives us the effect or the idea of both "pleasure and pain". Moreover, in realizing what does Epicurus mean by saying that pleasure is our "primary native good" connotes of that "good" in relation to "feeling" as a means or tool of its criterion for happiness. In this manner, the role of sensation provides as the key to understand in having the concept of "pleasure" as that which satisfies one's (individual) need. Pleasure then takes place upon describing certain stances that serve as an appetite towards living or its existence. Thus, the Epicurean concept of pleasure as a "primary native good" gives us the idea of understanding as the first step of its hierarchy of attributing towards a self fulfilment or a happy life. According to the Epicurean teaching, pleasure should not always be the choice or our option to select at. It is because it entails (in Epicurean concept) the idea of consisting "Primary and Congenital good". To illustrate such concept, in understanding the idea of "primary good", it gives us the thought of a skin form or level of understanding the concept of "pleasure" as a matter of "feeling". And thus it leads us to the idea of "sensation" that construct upon this concept of primary. The Congenital good persuade upon the concept or the idea of understanding to what is there seen not present in the reality but only find in its existence in the "world of forms or ideas" (the word "world of form" originates in the Platonean Concept). Thus, its essence (the nature of its being) provides us the thought of that is innate to its characteristics. And thus, evaluating these two factors (Primary and Congenital good) speaks of a subjective interpretation or judgement because of its approach of arriving of its own idea. As stipulated in the Epicurean doctrine, "A person who does not have a pleasant life in not living sensibly, nobly and justly, and conversely the person who does not have these virtues cannot live pleasantly (Epicurus, Leading Doctrines, p. 53, 5th paragraph). In view to this quotation, indicates that the Epicurean teaching doesn't agree that it is possible to lead a virtuous but unpleasant life. To depart from these lines, pleasure connotes a connection to moral virtues of man or a person that is associated to hi being. Moral good then construct a definition towards a good life. Therefore, such concept perceives or illustrates an idea that it is impossible "to be" and "not to be" at the same place and at the same time. The researcher's analysis unto this study to the Epicurean way of teaching of understanding pleasure relating to morality, as with regards to the impossibility of having virtuous and yet

Innovation, Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Innovation, - Assignment Example In fact, obesity is now considered to be an epidemic such that it has alarmed public health officials and policy makers to consider some methods to reduce the high rates of obesity (Pool, 2000). As a note, obesity is measured using the body mass index (BMI) of a person. BMI is computed by dividing the body mass (in kilograms) by the square of that person's height (in meters); hence the BMI is given in units of kgs/m2. A person whose BMI is below 18.5 is considered underweight; a BMI between 18.5 to 25 is normal weight or optimal; a BMI above 25 up to 30 indicates the person is overweight, and finally, a BMI of above 30 is accepted as obese, while anyone with a BMI of over 30 is morbidly obese (or a condition of morbid obesity, which means there is now a real danger of physical complications and even death). The American Medical Association (AMA) had recently declared obesity as a disease by itself that is now so prevalent worldwide (The Boston Globe, 2013). More people are also findi ng it more convenient to drive their own motor vehicles to work or to go someplace rather than take the public transport system, like the bus or the metro rail system. Moreover, there are now more senior citizens driving their own cars due to increasing longevity from better health interventions; people who are sixty years and above are considered as senior citizens by the World Health Organization (WHO) as older adults (WHO, 2002). Considering all these, it is fair to expect a demand and people will buy this new gadget once introduced to the market. What has to happen – the number of driver-related road accidents are increasing every year due to a number of factors, such as reckless driving (teen-aged drivers ignorant of traffic laws and ignore safety in proper driving procedures), driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs (DUI), people who were drowsy or sleepy or worse, even fell asleep as they were driving, those who still drive despite being diagnosed with hyperten sion (high blood pressure) which can affect both their judgment and reflexes, and finally, people who suffered a stroke (heart attack) while driving such as those mentioned earlier (people who are at increased risk for strokes such as elderly drivers) or older adults in their sixties, seventies, and even in their eighties and nineties who still drive their own motor vehicles despite the increased risks for collisions and accidents. In the United States of America, which has one of the highest density of motor vehicles ownership, the number of accident statistics grouped by age brackets by the U.S. Department of Commerce showed the age group 25-34 years-old as having the highest rate of fatal accidents (19.8%), followed by the 35-44 years-old age bracket (17.6%), then next is the 45-54 years-old age group (16.7%), followed next by the 20-24 years-old age bracket (15.0%), and the youngest age group of 19 years-old and under (12.2%). For older drivers who belong to the 55-64 years-old age bracket, the accident rate per 100,000 licensed driver is 10.4%, followed by the next age group of 65-74 years old at 5.0%, and lastly, those who are 75 years old or above, at 3.3% (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012); for these last three oldest age groups, their collective rate is at a cumulative 18.7% which is close to the

Public Relations In Non Profit Organisations Marketing Essay

Public Relations In Non Profit Organisations Marketing Essay First this essay will explain the role of public relations in non-profit organisations and provide a brief description of our campaign; second the campaigns strengths and weaknesses will be discussed; third the campaign will be discussed in relation to public relations theory; and finally a conclusion summarising the main points discussed in this essay Public Relations and Non-Profit Organisations: Public relations can play an important role for non-profit organisations, providing the support to create new, and maintain existing relationships necessary to meet organisational goals, meet fundraising targets, and develop organisational awareness. As Broom, Center, and Cutlip state, there are five functions the practitioner aims to carry out within non-profit organisations, these are to: Define or brand the organisation, gain acceptance of its mission, and protect its reputation. Develop channels of communication with those an organization serves. Create and maintain a favourable climate for fundraising. Support the development and maintenance of public policy that is favourable to an organizations mission. Inform and motivate key organizational constituents (such as employees, volunteers, and trustees) to dedicate themselves and work productively in support of an organizations mission, goal, and objectives. (Broom, Center, Cutlip, 2006, p. 449) Campaign Description: Intentio PR designed a campaign to achieve two goals; first to increase the amount of funding Parent to Parent receives through creating relationships with the business community; and second to increase awareness of Parent to Parent through the relationships and campaigns developed with the business community. Therefore, Intentio PRs key campaign goal was to increase the amount of funding Parent to Parent receives, while simultaneously increasing awareness of Parent to Parent and their services to key audiences. Intentio PR proposed three projects to achieve these goals: A redevelopment of Parent to Parents website to be more interactive, and to allow for a better donation function. A cause related marketing campaign with Huggies, where a certain amount of each Huggies product purchased was donated to the organisation A relationship with TradeMe, in which users can donate the auction success fee or entire proceeds for an auctioned item to Parent to Parent. Campaign Strength and Weaknesses: Prior to the development of Intentio PRs three campaigns, Parent to Parents current situation was researched, more specifically research concentrated on their purpose and mission, their current financial situation, and their sources of funding. The information gathered from this influenced our next stage of research as we found that there was a problem with funding, and that businesses were not approached for funding, focussing efforts on grants and applications instead. Stemming from our organisational information, we then conducted research that looked into what motivates businesses to provide sponsorship to non-profit organisations, what they see as essential to this relationship, and their level of awareness for organisations providing services to the disabled. Research also looked into the funding and sponsorship situations of the regional Parent to Parent offices. We encountered difficulties in relation to this research in regards to response rates, from both business, and the regional offices contacted to participate. Although not sufficient to produce any significant generalisations to either of the communities surveyed, the information gathered did produce enough relevant data to help in the formation of our campaign goals and objectives. The goals for this campaign fit in to two management situations that Smith describes, a task management goal focused on obtaining more funding, and reputation management goal which is focussed on Parent to Parents awareness and perception (Smith, 2002, p. 69). Although our campaign had a goal derived from our previous research and worked, as Smith states, to provide the direction while objectives pinpoint the destination (Smith, 2002, p. 67) I believe we could have developed more specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (SMART) objectives for the three campaigns developed. Consequently, this would have allowed for us to develop more specific and detailed campaign evaluations, which lacked any specific criteria to measure success against. The reputation or awareness objective that was listed could have been improved by specifically stating who the community mentioned is, for example amongst all parents of disabled children; and by providing measurable targets for the objective, for example an increase of awareness by 60%, although previous awareness levels of the organisation amongst the target audience for the objective would be needed as the standard to be measured against. Public Relations Theory: Although we attempted to use the four step process, that is research, planning, action, and evaluation, our campaign was lacking in areas such as planning and evaluation that would have brought it together. Five theories I would use to describe and evaluate aspects of Intentio PRs campaign would be systems theory, the two-way asymmetrical model, social exchange theory, social learning theory, and situational theory. Systems theory can be used to examine both the internal and external relationships an organisation has with its employees and customers. Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore, and Toth describe organisations as made up of interrelated parts, adapting and adjusting to changes in theenvironments in which they operate. Organisations have recognisable boundaries, within which there must be a communication structure that guides the parts of the organisation to achieve organisational goals. (Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore, Toth, 2007, pp. 44-45) These organisations can be considered either open or closed systems; open systems allowing the flow of information from outside stakeholders, and how these relationships with outside stakeholders might affect the organisation; closed systems choosing to focus on past decisions and how these have performed when making decisions, preferring not to seek new information from outside of the organisation. Our campaign would be based on an open systems theory, with research in to outside organisations and how these relationships are established, and maintained being conducted, as previously discussed; also, we seek to establish new relationships with Huggies, and TradeMe to increase funding and awareness. As surveys were mainly used to explore relationships with businesses, and the information found used to develop or influence our campaign design, the two-way asymmetrical best describes our research and development model, as Tench and Yeomans state Feedback from audiences is important in this model of communication, but it is used to adapt communication strategies to be more persuasive, not to alter the organisations position. (Tench Yeomans, 2006, p. 147) Intentio PRs cause related marketing campaign with Huggies establishes an exchange with the consumer of the Huggies product; for every product the consumer purchases, $2.00 will be donated towards Parent to Parent. Therefore, the act of buying this product (the cost), results in them helping out a charitable organisation (the reward). I believe this is an example of the social exchange theory, which uses the economic metaphor of costs and benefits to predict behaviour. It assumes that individuals and groups choose strategies based on perceived rewards and costs. (Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore, Toth, 2007, p. 48) I believe the social learning theory, which states that we can learn new behaviours merely by observing others (Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore, Toth, 2007, p. 50), is applicable to our TradeMe Team Up campaign. Although there will be a media release and other promotional material in relation to this campaign, the main method in which TradeMe members are going to learn about these donation features are through observing and adapting this behaviour from another member who has used these features on their auction(s). Both VanLeuven; and Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore Toth state that the more positive and rewarding the consequences, the more likely the behaviour will occur. (VanLeuven, 1989, p. 196) Therefore the probability of the observing TradeMe member adopting this behaviour (the donation feature) is more likely if they believe the reward (donating money to a charitable cause) is a sufficient or positive reward for performing the task; the goal of the promotional effort for this campaign should consequently be to align TradeMe Team Up campaign as so. Situational theory, according to Tench, and Yeomans; and Baskin, Heiman, Lattimore Toth (2007, p.46-47), divides an organisations publics according to those publics who actively seek and process information about an organisation or an issue of interest, and those publics that passively receive informationas the situation, problem, opportunity, or issue changes, the publics, with which the organisation must communicate, change. The redevelopment of Parent to Parents website is aimed towards the active information seekers of their publics; the new website design allows for easier navigation of the site, and easier access to relevant information, such as events, regional information, and organisational information. It would be the active users of this website, who are also TradeMe members, who would be the early adopters of the donation feature of TradeMe Team Up. Conclusion: Theory establishes a framework through which common phenomena can be described and analysed. This essay has described the public relations campaign designed by Intentio PR, and has worked to relate the various components that it comprises to relevant public relations theory. I believe the campaign we produced could have been improved if we had used or referred back to the theory discussed previously, and if we had designated SMART goals to each of the campaigns.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay -- Civil Rights Act of 1964

Within our daily lives we encounter multiple people who make an impact on us. They influence us to be better at what we do and show us that having an opinion helps us stand out from others. Throughout life we encounter these individuals and learn about past people who have had a great effect on people showing us what a true hero is. The late Martin Luther King Jr. is a hero in the eyes of people due to the fact that he spoke his mind as a social activist, risked his life to end segregation, and stood up for what he believed was right during the civil rights movement. Overall he was a hero for the common race. Martin Luther King Jr. grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and developed into a well-mannered and highly educated individual with the multiple accomplishments he fulfilled. He earned his doctorates degree at the young age of twenty-five and became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. He soon became a member of the committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He began to prepare himself to execute his leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration in the United States, the bus boycott. Martin Luther King Jr. gathered many people to show that all races are equal and that all people deserve to be treated as so. His leadership and organization of his first major activism shows man who he was a dedicated individual in giving every human an equal opportunity to change the life that surrounded them. â€Å"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter" (Martin Luther King Jr.). The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional of segregation on buses and abolished the law. The fact that he had the ability to show people they can make a... ...im a hero due to the fact that he put aside his own life to better the many lives around himself. The Hero Hall of Fame would become that more complete with Dr. King included in it because years after his death he is the most widely known African American leader of his era. "In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends" (Martin Luther King Jr.). Works Cited "Biography." Martin Luther King -. Nobel Lectures. Web. 07 Mar. 2012. . Lombardi, Esther. "Martin Luther King, Jr.,Quotes." About.com Classic Literature. About.com.Web.07Mar.2012. . "Martin Luther King Jr.." 2012. Biography.com 07 Mar 2012, 11:37 http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-king-jr-9365086